What is the difference shutdown and close?

Use the shutdown call when you no longer need to read any more data from the socket, write more data, or have finished doing both. When you shutdown a socket for further writing (or reading) that information is also sent to the other end of the connection. For example if you shutdown the socket for further writing at the server end, then a moment later,a blocked read call could return 0 to indicate that no more bytes are expected.

Use close when your process no longer needs the socket file descriptor.

If you fork-ed after creating a socket file descriptor, all processes need to close the socket before the socket resources can be re-used. If you shutdown a socket for further read then all process are be affected because you've changed the socket, not just the file descriptor.

Well written code will shutdown a socket before calling close it.

When I re-run my server code it doesn't work! Why?

By default, after a socket is closed the port enters a time-out state during which time it cannot be re-used ('bound to a new socket').

This behavior can be disabled by setting the socket option REUSEPORT before bind-ing to a port:

    int optval = 1;
    setsockopt(sock_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEPORT, &optval, sizeof(optval));

    bind(sock_fd, ...);

Can a TCP client bind to a particular port?

Yes! In fact outgoing TCP connections are automatically bound to an unused port on the client. Usually it's unnecessary to explicitly set the port on the client because the system will intelligently find an unusued port on a reasonable interface (e.g. the wireless card, if currently connected by WiFi connection). However it can be useful if you needed to specifically choose a particular ethernet card, or if a firewall only allows outgoing connections from a particular range of port values.

To explicitly bind to an ethernet interface and port, call bind before connect

Who connected to my server?

The accept system call can optionally provide information about the remote client, by passing in a sockaddr struct. Different protocols have differently variants of the struct sockaddr, which are different sizes. The simplest struct to use is the sockaddr_storage which is sufficiently large to represent all possible types of sockaddr. Notice that C does not have any model of inheritance. Therefore we need to explicitly cast our struct to the 'base type' struct sockaddr.

    struct sockaddr_storage clientaddr;
    socklen_t clientaddrsize = sizeof(clientaddr);
    int client_id = accept(passive_socket,
            (struct sockaddr *) &clientaddr,
             &clientaddrsize);

We've already seen getaddrinfo that can build a linked list of addrinfo entries (and each one of these can include socket configuration data). What if we wanted to turn socket data into IP and port addresses? Enter getnameinfo that can be used to convert a local or remote socket information into a domain name or numeric IP. Similarly the port number can be represented as a service name (e.g. "http" for port 80). In the example below we request numeric versions for the client IP address and client port number.

    socklen_t clientaddrsize = sizeof(clientaddr);
    int client_id = accept(sock_id, (struct sockaddr *) &clientaddr, &clientaddrsize);
    char host[256], port[256];
    getnameinfo((struct sockaddr *) &clientaddr,
          clientaddrsize, host, sizeof(host), port, sizeof(port),
          NI_NUMERICHOST | NI_NUMERICSERV);

Todo: Discuss NI_MAXHOST and NI_MAXSERV, and NI_NUMERICHOST

getnameinfo Example: What's my IP address?

To obtain a linked list of IP addresses of the current machine use getifaddrs which will return a linked list of IPv4 and IPv6 IP addresses (and potentially other interfaces too). We can examine each entry and use getnameinfo to print the host's IP address. The ifaddrs struct includes the family but does not include the sizeof the struct. Therefore we need to manually determine the struct sized based on the family (IPv4 v IPv6)

 (family == AF_INET) ? sizeof(struct sockaddr_in) : sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6)

The complete code is shown below.

    int required_family = AF_INET; // Change to AF_INET6 for IPv6
    struct ifaddrs *myaddrs, *ifa;
    getifaddrs(&myaddrs);
    char host[256], port[256];
    for (ifa = myaddrs; ifa != NULL; ifa = ifa->ifa_next) {
        int family = ifa->ifa_addr->sa_family;
        if (family == required_family && ifa->ifa_addr) {
            if (0 == getnameinfo(ifa->ifa_addr,
                                (family == AF_INET) ? sizeof(struct sockaddr_in) :
                                sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6),
                                host, sizeof(host), port, sizeof(port)
                                 , NI_NUMERICHOST | NI_NUMERICSERV  ))
                puts(host);
            }
        }

What's my machine's IP address (shell version)

Answer: use ifconfig (or Windows's ipconfig) However this command generates a lot of output for each interface, so we can filter the output using grep

ifconfig | grep inet

Example output:
    inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 
    inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 
    inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 
    inet6 fe80::7256:81ff:fe9a:9141%en1 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x5 
    inet 192.168.1.100 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255