Virtual file systems
POSIX systems, such as Linux and Mac OSX (which is based on BSD) include several virtual filesystems that are mounted (available) as part of the file-system. Files inside these virtual filesystems do not exist on the disk; they are generated dynamically by the kernel when a process requests a directory listing. Linux provides 3 main virtual filesystems
/dev - A list of physical and virtual devices (for example network card, cdrom, random number generator)
/proc - A list of resources used by each process and (by tradition) set of system information
/sys - An organized list of internal kernel entities
For example if I want a continuous stream of 0s, I can cat /dev/zero.
How do I find out what filesystems are currently available (mounted)?
Use mount
Using mount without any options generates a list (one filesystem per line) of mounted filesystems including networked, virtual and local (spinning disk / SSD-based) filesystems. Here is a typical output of mount
$ mount
/dev/mapper/cs241--server_sys-root on / type ext4 (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0")
/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext3 (rw)
/dev/mapper/cs241--server_sys-srv on /srv type ext4 (rw)
/dev/mapper/cs241--server_sys-tmp on /tmp type ext4 (rw)
/dev/mapper/cs241--server_sys-var on /var type ext4 (rw)rw,bind)
/srv/software/Mathematica-8.0 on /software/Mathematica-8.0 type none (rw,bind)
engr-ews-homes.engr.illinois.edu:/fs1-homes/angrave/linux on /home/angrave type nfs (rw,soft,intr,tcp,noacl,acregmin=30,vers=3,sec=sys,sloppy,addr=128.174.252.102)
Notice that each line includes the filesystem type source of the filesystem and mount point.
To reduce this output we can pipe it into grep and only see lines that match a regular expression.
>mount | grep proc # only see lines that contain 'proc'
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)
Differences between random and urandom?
/dev/random is a file which contains number generator where the entropy is determined from environmental noise. Random will block/wait until enough entropy is collected from the environment.
/dev/urandom is like random, but differs in the fact that it allows for repetition (lower entropy threshold), thus wont block.
Other Filesystems
$ cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/entropy_avail
$ hexdump /dev/random
$ hexdump /dev/urandom
$ cat /proc/meminfo
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep bogomips
$ cat /proc/meminfo | grep Swap
$ cd /proc/self
$ echo $$; cd /proc/12345; cat maps
Mounting a filesystem
Let's say I have a filesystem hooked up on /dev/cdrom that I want to read from. I have to mound it to a directory before I can do any operations.
$ sudo mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom
$ mount
$ mount | grep proc
How do I mount a disk image?
Suppose you had downloaded a bootable linux disk image...
wget http://cosmos.cites.illinois.edu/pub/archlinux/iso/2015.04.01/archlinux-2015.04.01-dual.iso
Before putting the filesystem on a CD, we can mount the file as a filesystem and explore its contents. Note, mount requires root access, so let's run it using sudo
$ mkdir arch
$ sudo mount -o loop archlinux-2015.04.01-dual.iso ./arch
$ cd arch
Before the mount command, the arch directory is new and obviously empty. After mounting, the contents of arch/ will be drawn from the files and directories stored in the filesystem stored inside the archlinux-2014.11.01-dual.iso file.
The loop option is required because we want to mount a regular file not a block device such as a physical disk.
The loop option wraps the original file as a block device - in this example we will find out below that the file system is provided under /dev/loop0 : We can check the filesystem type and mount options by running the mount command without any parameters. We will pipe the output into grep so that we only see the relevant output line(s) that contain 'arch'
$ mount | grep arch
/home/demo/archlinux-2014.11.01-dual.iso on /home/demo/arch type iso9660 (rw,loop=/dev/loop0)
The iso9660 filesystem is a read-only filesystem originally designed for optical storage media (i.e. CDRoms). Attempting to change the contents of the filesystem will fail
$ touch arch/nocando
touch: cannot touch `/home/demo/arch/nocando': Read-only file system